Researchers at Washington State University (WSU), together with the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute, have brought Egyptian blue pigment back to life. This pigment, first created more than 5,000 years ago, is known as the world’s oldest synthetic colour. Although it once decorated ancient artefacts, it may now offer exciting options for today’s designers working in product design, packaging, and interior materials.
In ancient Egypt, artisans used Egyptian blue to imitate valuable gemstones like turquoise and lapis lazuli. They applied the pigment to wood, stone, and cartonnage, a type of papier-mâché used for funeral masks. Over time, people forgot how to make it. Today, scientists are rediscovering the forgotten techniques.
Professor John McCloy led the WSU team. They created twelve different recipes by mixing silicon dioxide, copper, calcium, and sodium carbonate. After heating these mixtures to around 1,000 degrees Celsius for one to eleven hours, they allowed them to cool. These conditions likely reflect how ancient craftspeople worked. The team then analysed the samples with modern microscopes and compared them to real Egyptian artefacts.
The team discovered that even small changes in ingredients or heating times produced different colours. The pigment could range from bright blue to shades of grey or green. This shows how sensitive the process was. Interestingly, the most vibrant blue only required about 50 percent of the crystals that produce the blue colour. The rest of the material made little difference. As a result, ancient makers may have been able to adjust their recipes depending on which raw materials they had.
Egyptian blue offers more than just colour. One of its most useful features is its ability to emit light in the near-infrared spectrum. While invisible to the human eye, this property makes the pigment useful for anti-counterfeiting inks and security labels in packaging. In addition, the pigment’s chemical structure is similar to some high-temperature superconductors. This opens up possibilities for use in sensors and electronics. Because it can be made from common, non-toxic raw materials, Egyptian blue also supports today’s growing demand for sustainable and circular materials.
Designers in product development, packaging, and sustainable interiors may find new inspiration in Egyptian blue pigment. It shows how old materials can lead to new solutions. As industries look for materials that combine function, sustainability, and beauty, this rediscovered pigment offers a unique mix. The new samples are now on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. There, they help both the public and scientists continue learning about material innovation.
Source: Washington State University
Photo: Matt Unger