The Bee2C project demonstrates how organic waste can be transformed into a structural, functional, and ecological material solution. By cultivating mycelium on a substrate of recycled coffee residues—used grounds, roasting byproducts, and agricultural fibres—the team developed a bio-composite with remarkable qualities. The material offers natural antibacterial resistance, thermal insulation, and structural integrity, while being fully biodegradable.

Comparing conventional and circular hive materials

Traditional beehives are typically made of pine wood or expanded polystyrene (EPS). Pine provides durability and familiarity, but requires forestry resources and offers limited insulation. EPS is lightweight and insulating, yet its lack of durability, release of microplastics, and ecological impact raise concerns. The mycelium-based composite combines the strengths of both, while avoiding their drawbacks—emerging as a truly sustainable alternative.

Design: modularity and durability

To create a fully functional hive, the mycelium panels are combined with an aluminium frame. The choice of aluminium is deliberate: it withstands outdoor conditions for decades and is infinitely recyclable, unlike plastics or treated wood. The mycelium components are compression-moulded to ensure consistency, while the frame guarantees long-term durability. This modular system allows flat-pack shipping, easy assembly, and cost-efficient scalability.

Closing the loop

Circularity is at the core of Bee2C. Organic waste is repurposed into a new habitat for bees—pollinators essential for the ecosystems that provide our food. At the end of its lifecycle, the mycelium biodegrades and enriches the soil, while the aluminium can be reused indefinitely. Each hive therefore represents a complete circular system, linking waste recovery, design innovation, ecological health, and food production.

Applications and impact

The design is adaptable for urban rooftops, rural beekeeping, and community projects, making it accessible to both professionals and hobbyists. By supporting pollinator health and biodiversity while reducing waste, Bee2C illustrates how material-driven innovation can have tangible ecological and social impact.

This project highlights the growing relevance of mycelium composites and modular design systems for architects, product designers, and packaging innovators seeking sustainable and circular solutions. Beyond beekeeping, the same principles of biobased materials and recyclable structural supports could inspire applications across design disciplines.

Source & photos: Bee2C Project