Researchers at Rice University have developed a new material that uses light to break down harmful pollutants in water. These pollutants include PFAS, often called ‘forever chemicals’ because they persist in the environment for decades. PFAS are widely found in soil and water, making their removal a growing global challenge.

The innovation centres on a hybrid, metal-free material that activates under light. As a result, it can break down a broad range of contaminants without the need for chemical additives or high energy input. This approach opens new possibilities for sustainable water treatment solutions.

At the heart of the research are covalent organic frameworks, or COFs. These porous, crystalline materials have a very large surface area. Because of this, they perform well in light-driven chemical reactions. When light hits the material, electrons start to move within the structure. This process triggers reactions that break down organic pollutants.

Defect Engineering As A Design Strategy

To enhance performance, the researchers combined COFs with a two-dimensional film of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Normally, these two materials are difficult to connect. However, the team used defect engineering to overcome this challenge.

Specifically, they introduced microscopic imperfections into the hBN surface. These tiny ‘scratches’ acted as anchor points, allowing the COF to grow directly on top. As a result, the two materials formed a well-connected interface. This structure allows electrical charges to move more freely, which improves the photocatalytic effect.

Applications In The Built And Natural Environment

The researchers tested the material in flowing-water systems that mimic real water treatment conditions. Importantly, the material remained stable over repeated cycles. It continued to perform well without losing structure or efficiency.

Because the system uses only light and contains no harmful metals, it offers a low-impact alternative to conventional water treatment technologies. In practice, this could support more sustainable infrastructure solutions.

Towards Circular And Sustainable Material Systems

Overall, the research aligns closely with circular and sustainable design principles. By avoiding toxic metals and relying on light as an energy source, the material supports cleaner production and long-term use.

Although the technology is still in development, it clearly demonstrates how advanced material science can contribute to more resilient and environmentally responsive design. As water pollution and scarcity continue to rise, such innovations will become increasingly relevant across the built environment.

Source: Rice University
Photo: Everywhere2020