Researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) have created a new structural material that could reshape sustainable design. The material, called Enzymatic Structural Material (ESM), uses a bioinspired process to form strong, durable, and carbon-negative building components.
The team developed ESM by combining a natural enzyme with a capillary suspension process. The enzyme converts CO₂ into solid calcium carbonate, which grows within a hydrochar-based scaffold. This creates a stable composite that cures within hours. The method uses low temperatures, so it avoids the energy-intensive heating of cement clinker, a major source of emissions in concrete production.
ESM reaches an average compressive strength of 25.8 MPa, which meets structural standards. It also resists water far better than many other biobased materials, which often weaken in humid conditions.
Traditional concrete production emits around 330 kg of CO₂ per cubic metre. In contrast, producing 1 m³ of ESM captures about 6.1 kg of CO₂. This makes it not only a low-carbon option but a material with a net climate benefit. Designers can also repair and recycle ESM, which supports circular construction practices and reduces waste.
Architects could use ESM for roof decks, wall panels, modular components, and masonry alternatives. Its fast curing and mouldability allow for on-site casting and efficient prefabrication. These qualities make the material useful in emergency shelters and climate-resilient buildings.
Interior and product designers may appreciate its ability to form customised shapes with little energy use. Its biobased origin and clear sustainability profile also support transparent material selection. The underlying production method—enzyme-driven mineral growth within a renewable scaffold—could inspire new concepts in lightweight panels, acoustics, outdoor structures, and experimental landscape elements.
Researchers continue to improve ESM’s strength and scalability. As demand grows for materials that combine performance with low environmental impact, ESM offers a promising new entry in the field of circular, climate-positive material innovation.
Source: Matter (Elsevier), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)
Image: Elif Tahtabaşı