Nature’s Living Composite: A New Era in Mycelium-Based Materials

Researchers at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) have developed an innovative biomaterial made from living fungal mycelium. This new material demonstrates impressive mechanical properties and represents a significant advance in the development of sustainable, biodegradable solutions across various design sectors, including packaging, interiors, fashion, and product innovation.

A Fungus with Functional Benefits

The foundation of this biomaterial lies in the mycelium of the split-gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune), a common edible fungus that grows naturally on decaying wood. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on chemical treatment to enhance the performance of natural materials—often at the cost of sustainability—Empa’s researchers harnessed the living properties of the fungus itself. Rather than extracting and processing its fibres, they cultivated the fungus in a way that preserves and utilises its own extracellular matrix. This biological matrix is rich in naturally occurring macromolecules, including schizophyllan, a high-performance nanofibre, and hydrophobin, a protein known for its emulsifying qualities.

Bio-Functionality Without Compromise

These molecules, secreted by the fungus as it grows, endow the material with exceptional properties. Schizophyllan provides tensile strength through its long, thin fibrous structure, while hydrophobin functions at the interface between water and oils, making the material an effective, natural emulsifier. Because the material remains biologically active, it continues to produce these functional molecules over time, offering dynamic and potentially self-sustaining applications.

Versatile Applications from Film to Emulsions

In laboratory demonstrations, the Empa team presented two proof-of-concept prototypes: a transparent, flexible, tear-resistant bioplastic film, and a stable emulsion. The film is strong yet delicate in appearance and could serve as a fully biodegradable alternative to synthetic packaging or coating materials. Meanwhile, the emulsion, formed from otherwise immiscible liquids, illustrates the material’s compatibility with food, cosmetic, and chemical applications. Importantly, all components are safe, non-toxic, and even edible, since the split-gill mushroom is commonly consumed in many parts of the world.

Smart and Sustainable Design Possibilities

The material’s unique composition also enables it to respond to environmental factors. In particular, it exhibits a reversible reaction to humidity, making it a promising candidate for bio-based sensors or moisture-responsive materials. These qualities make it especially appealing in the context of sustainable interior environments or smart packaging. Furthermore, the fungal network is capable of decomposing plant matter, which opens possibilities for packaging solutions that not only biodegrade but actively aid in composting organic waste.

Toward Biodegradable Electronics

Empa researchers are continuing to explore the material’s potential by integrating it into broader developments, including biodegradable electronics. Their vision includes creating compact, eco-friendly batteries that use living fungal “paper” as part of the electrode system. By adjusting growing conditions and selecting specific fungal strains, they can fine-tune the material’s properties for targeted applications, offering exciting new directions in circular design.

Designing with Life

While working with living materials does present challenges, such as environmental sensitivity, the Empa team sees this as an advantage rather than a limitation. According to project lead Gustav Nyström, the goal is to find applications where the biological responsiveness of the material enhances functionality rather than hinders it. This living fibre composite may well be a cornerstone in the future of sustainable material innovation, where biodegradability and active environmental contribution go hand in hand.

Source & images: Empa