From Petroleum to Plants: Biodegradable Circuit Boards from Wood

Researchers at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) have created a biodegradable printed circuit board (PCB) made from wood-based materials. This innovation could change how designers approach electronics and sustainability.

The Problem with Traditional Electronics

Today, most PCBs use fibre-reinforced epoxy resins made from petroleum. These green boards are almost impossible to recycle, and their disposal requires energy-intensive treatment. As millions of devices are thrown away each year, they contribute heavily to electronic waste and pollution. The need for a more circular solution is therefore urgent.

Turning Wood Waste into High-Tech Material

Empa scientists, led by Dr. Thomas Geiger, have found a promising alternative through the EU-funded HyPELignum project. Their substrate is made from lignocellulose, a natural blend of cellulose fibres and lignin, both by-products of wood processing. Instead of ending up as waste, these substances now gain a new purpose.

Using a process called hornification, the researchers grind, mix, and compress the fibres under high pressure. This produces a strong, dense board that performs like a traditional circuit board but remains biodegradable. Because lignin acts as a natural binder, no synthetic resin is required. As a result, the material can be composted safely at the end of its life.

From Idea to Working Prototype

Together with Austrian company PROFACTOR GmbH, the team printed conductive paths onto the new boards and added components to build a working computer mouse. When the device reaches the end of its life, its wooden base can simply decompose, while the metal parts can be recycled.

The team continues to refine the material, improving moisture resistance without losing its biodegradable nature. By 2026, they aim to bring this technology closer to industrial production, offering a real alternative for low-impact electronics.

What It Means for Designers

This research offers inspiration for product designers, industrial designers, and architects exploring biobased materials. It shows that even complex electronic components can become part of a circular design system.

By linking technology, nature, and material innovation, lignocellulose could lead to eco-friendly devices, smart interiors, and sustainable consumer products. It’s a clear reminder that design can drive both function and environmental responsibility.

Source & image: Empa